Acute bacterial, viral and non-infectious meningitis: symptoms and treatments

Meningitis consists of inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. There are several types, depending on the cause: bacterial, viral and non-infectious. Symptoms for all of them include fever, headache, stiff neck, or nausea, but the Treatment is different depending on the type of meningitis. It is important to see a doctor immediately if meningitis is suspected, as early treatment can prevent serious complications.

What is meningitis?

Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord., called meninges. This inflammation It can be due to different causes: bacteria, viruses, fungi or other infectious agents, as well as certain medications or trauma.

Why does meningitis occur?

The most common cause of meningitis is an infection, whether bacterial or viral.

The viruses and bacteria that cause meningitis are spread through different means, such as contact with infected people, consumption of water or food, and insect bites.

Although it is not common, certain fungi also cause meningitis, if they extend to the brain or spinal cord.

How can meningitis be spread?

Meningitis can be spread from person to person. through contact with respiratory or nasal secretions of an infected person. This can occur through:

• Close contact with an infected person.
• Coughing or sneezing: Droplets containing the virus or bacteria can become suspended in the air and be inhaled by others.
• Contact with contaminated objects: such as tissues, toys or work surfaces, and then putting your hands to your mouth, eyes or nose.

In places where there are crowds, such as university residences or camps, it may be easier to spread meningitis.

How to avoid the spread of meningitis?

The main measures to avoid the spread of meningitis include:

• Wash your hands frequently with soap and water, especially before preparing food and after using the bathroom.
• Do not share personal items such as toothbrushes, makeup or food utensils.
• Avoid close contact with sick people.
• Keep the vaccination schedule up to date: Vaccines are an effective way to prevent the spread of meningitis.

Who is more likely to have meningitis?

No one is exempt from contracting this disease, although there are groups of people who are at increased risk of developing meningitis. Some of them are:

• Babies and children under five years of age, since the immune system has not yet fully developed. The most cases of viral meningitis occurs in this age group.
• People with weak immune systems, such as people with HIV, chemotherapy recipients, people who have received a transplant...
• Pregnant women, especially sensitive to contracting a infection caused by the bacteria listeria, which can also cause meningitis.
• People who live in collective environments, such as military, university or nursing homes...
• Certain travelers: In some regions of sub-Saharan Africa there is an increased risk of contracting bacterial meningitis.

Types of meningitis

exist various types of meningitis, which are classified according to the cause of the infection:

Acute bacterial meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is the most serious, It can cause death in just a few hours. Most people recover, although there is a risk of sequelae such as brain damage or hearing loss.

viral meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common in Spain, usually resolves on its own, without the need for specific treatment. It mainly affects small children or people with a weakened immune system.

Non-infectious meningitis

It can be caused by multiple factors, such as autoimmune diseases, adverse reactions to some medications, trauma or tumors. The symptoms are similar to those of infectious meningitis, so it is important to see a specialist to receive a correct diagnosis.

Diagnosis of meningitis

Symptoms of meningitis include a stiff neck, fever, severe headache, and sensitivity to bright light. When it appears, it is essential to go to medical services immediately, since some types of meningitis can have very serious consequences.

The doctor will perform the following tests to confirm the diagnosis of meningitis and determine its cause:

• Physical exam.
• Lumbar puncture, essential for the posterior analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for signs of infection.

Sometimes additional tests such as blood cultures, CT scans, or MRIs will be done.

Risk factors for meningitis

There are some risk factors that increase the likelihood of contracting meningitis:

• Weakened immune system. This occurs in young children and the elderly, but also in people with HIV or receiving chemotherapy.
• Close contact with an infected person.
• Incomplete vaccination schedule.
• Live in a community environment.
• Pregnancy.

Meningitis treatment

Treatment of meningitis depends on the type of meningitis and the severity of the disease:

Treatment of bacterial meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is very serious, so an urgent examination must be performed. intravenous antibiotic treatment. Their choice will depend on the bacteria that caused the infection. If necessary, corticosteroids will be added to reduce inflammation.

Treatment of viral meningitis

Viral meningitis usually resolves on its own in a few weeks. Rest and fluid intake are recommended to help the body recover, as well as the use of anti-inflammatories to help with pain and fever. It is important to monitor symptoms and see a medical professional if they worsen.

Treatment of non-infectious meningitis

Noninfectious meningitis is usually treated with antibiotics and antivirals if the cause is unknown. Sometimes this type of meningitis does not need treatment and resolves on its own.

Meningitis is a serious disease which can have different causes. Its symptoms include fever, severe headache, and stiff neck. It is essential to see a specialized doctor urgently given the suspicion of meningitis since the Speed in complete diagnosis is of utmost importance to avoid serious complications and save lives.

At the Advanced Column Surgery Institute (ICAC) we are highly qualified to perform a early diagnosis of meningitis through a medical examination and lumbar puncture If necessary. We have advanced means and top-notch professionals  that allow us to accompany the patient in the safest way possible.